{"product_id":"electrical-and-electronic-devices-circuits-and-materials-technological-challenges-and-solutions-1st-edition","title":"Electrical and Electronic Devices, Circuits, and Materials: Technological Challenges and Solutions 1st Edition","description":"\u003cdiv data-cel-widget=\"bookDescription_feature_div\" data-csa-c-id=\"v2qtpm-il6e8f-7s3rfn-6dqbo1\" data-csa-c-is-in-initial-active-row=\"false\" data-csa-c-asin=\"191416119X\" data-csa-c-slot-id=\"bookDescription_feature_div\" data-csa-c-content-id=\"bookDescription\" data-csa-c-type=\"widget\" data-feature-name=\"bookDescription\" class=\"celwidget\" id=\"bookDescription_feature_div\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"a-expander-collapsed-height a-row a-expander-container a-spacing-base a-expander-partial-collapse-container\" data-a-expander-collapsed-height=\"280\" data-a-expander-name=\"book_description_expander\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"a-expander-content a-expander-partial-collapse-content\" data-expanded=\"false\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"bookDescription_feature_div\" class=\"celwidget\" data-feature-name=\"bookDescription\" data-csa-c-type=\"widget\" data-csa-c-content-id=\"bookDescription\" data-csa-c-slot-id=\"bookDescription_feature_div\" data-csa-c-asin=\"1119502012\" data-csa-c-is-in-initial-active-row=\"false\" data-csa-c-id=\"vdza35-7pewfj-mdn14k-p4qlnn\" data-cel-widget=\"bookDescription_feature_div\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-a-expander-name=\"book_description_expander\" data-a-expander-collapsed-height=\"280\" class=\"a-expander-collapsed-height a-row a-expander-container a-spacing-base a-expander-partial-collapse-container\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-expanded=\"false\" class=\"a-expander-content a-expander-partial-collapse-content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"bookDescriptionBox\" class=\"expanded\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe increasing demand for electronic devices for private and industrial purposes lead designers and researchers to explore new electronic devices and circuits that can perform several tasks efficiently with low IC area and low power consumption. In addition, the increasing demand for portable devices intensifies the call from industry to design sensor elements, an efficient storage cell, and large capacity memory elements. Several industry-related issues have also forced a redesign of basic electronic components for certain specific applications. The researchers, designers, and students working in the area of electronic devices, circuits, and materials sometimesneed standard examples with certain specifications. This breakthrough work presents this knowledge of standard electronic device and circuit design analysis, including advanced technologies and materials.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis outstanding new volume presents the basic concepts and fundamentals behind devices, circuits, and systems. It is a valuable reference for the veteran engineer and a learning tool for the student, the practicing engineer, or an engineer from another field crossing over into electrical engineering.  It is a must-have for any library.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"aboutauthors-section\" id=\"aboutauthors-section\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"page-section\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"section-title collapsed\" data-toggle=\"collapse\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout the Author\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"section-content collapsed\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSuman Lata Tripathi,\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePhD, is a professor at Lovely Professional University with more than seventeen years of experience in academics. She has published more than 45 research papers in refereed journals and conferences. She has organized several workshops, summer internships, and expert lectures for students, and she has worked as a session chair, conference steering committee member, editorial board member, and reviewer for IEEE journals and conferences. She has published one edited book and currently has multiple volumes scheduled for publication, including volumes available from Wiley-Scrivener.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eParvej Ahmad Alvi,\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Physics at Banasthali University, Rajasthan, India. He has more than 14 years of teaching and research experience in the area of modern physics, semiconductor physics, and nanotechnology. He has worked as an editorial board member and reviewer on several journals and conferences and has published more than 100 research papers in refereed international journals and conferences. He also has six books to his credit.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUmashankar Subramaniam,\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePhD, is an associate professor at the Renewable Energy Lab, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Saudi Arabia. He has over 15 years of teaching, research and industrial experience. He is an Associate Editor at the journal,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003eIEEE Access\u003c\/i\u003e, and is an editor on the journal,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003eHeliyon\u003c\/i\u003e, along with other jorunals. He has published more than 250 research papers in academic journals and conferences and has also contributed to over a dozen books.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"permissions-section\" id=\"permissions-section\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"page-section\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"section-title collapsed\" data-toggle=\"collapse\"\u003ePermissions\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"section-content collapsed\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"permissions-content\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/s100.copyright.com\/AppDispatchServlet?publisherName=wiley\u0026amp;publication=Book\u0026amp;title=Electrical%20and%20Electronic%20Devices%252C%20Circuits%252C%20and%20Materials:%20Technological%20Challenges%20and%20Solutions\u0026amp;bookTitle=Electrical%20and%20Electronic%20Devices%252C%20Circuits%252C%20and%20Materials:%20Technological%20Challenges%20and%20Solutions\u0026amp;publicationDate=APR+2021\u0026amp;author=Parvej%20Ahmad+Alvi+Suman%20Lata+Tripathi+Umashankar+Subramaniam\u0026amp;sc=US\u0026amp;numPages=0\u0026amp;copyright=\u0026amp;contentID=978-1-119-75036-9\u0026amp;orderBeanReset=True\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eRequest permission\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eto reuse content from this site\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"tableofcontents-section\" id=\"tableofcontents-section\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"page-section\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"section-title collapsed\" data-toggle=\"collapse\"\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"section-content collapsed\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePreface xvii\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart I Design and Analysis 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Strain Engineering in Modern Field Effect Transistors 3\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eKunal Sinha\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 3\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.2 Theory of Strain Technology 4\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.2.1 Stress and Strain 4\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Stress Matrix for Biaxial and Uniaxial Stress 6\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.2.3 Impact of Strain on MOSFET Parameters 8\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.3 Simulation Studies in Strain Technology 9\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.4 Experimental Studies on Strain Technology 12\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.5 Summary and Future Scope 14\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFuture Scope 15\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement 15\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReferences 15\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Design and Optimization of Heterostructure Double Gate Tunneling Field Effect Transistor for Ultra Low Power Circuit and System 19\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eGuenifi Naima and Shiromani Balmukund Rahi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 19\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.2 Fundamental of Device Physics 20\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Basic Working Principles of TFET 20\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Kane’s Model 21\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.3 Analysis Approach and Device Parameters 21\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.4 Switching Behavior of TFET 23\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.5 Results and Discussion 24\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.6 Conclusion 34\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement 35\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReferences 35\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Polymer Electrolytes: Development and Supercapacitor Application 37\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAnil Arya, Anurag Gaur and A. L. Sharma\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 37\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.1.1 The Basic Principle and Types of Supercapacitors 38\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.1.2 Key Characteristics of the Electrolyte 40\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.1.3 Polymer Electrolytes and Types 43\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.1.4 Modification Strategies for Polymer Electrolytes 46\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.2 Preparation and Characterization Techniques 47\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.3 Latest Developments 51\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.4 Summary 62\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReferences 62\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Tunable RF\/Microwave Filter with Fractal DGS 67\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMehul Thakkar, Pravin R. Prajapati and Hitesh Shah\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 67\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.2 Literature Review 70\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Planar Reconfigurable Filters 70\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.3 Proposed Work 71\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Design of Hairpin Bandpass Filter 71\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Design of Hairpin Bandpass Filter with Fractal DGS 72\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Design of Tunable Hairpin Bandpass Filter with Fractal DGS 76\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.4 Conclusion 80\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement 80\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReferences 80\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 GaN High Electron Mobility Transistor Device Technology for RF and High-Power Applications 83\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eA. B. Khan\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 83\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.2 HEMT Structures 85\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.2.1 GaAs-Based HEMTs 85\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.2.2 InP-Based HEMTs 85\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.2.3 GaN-Based HEMTs 86\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.3 Polarization Impact and Creation of 2DEG in GaN HEMT 88\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Polarization Effect 88\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Formation of 2DEG 90\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.4 GaN-Based HEMT Performance Affecting Factors 92\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Surface Passivation 92\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Parasitic Effects 93\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.4.3 Field Plate Engineering Technique 94\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.4.4 Impact of Barrier Layer 95\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.5 Conclusion 95\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReferences 96\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Design and Analyses of a Food Protein Sensing System Based on Memristive Properties 101\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRupam Goswami, Arighna Deb, Rithik Dilip Rathi and Prateek Mahajan\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 101\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.2 Background 103\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Principle of a Memristor 103\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Bio-Memristors 103\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Applications of Memristors 104\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.3 Motivation 105\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.4 Experimental Set-Up 105\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.5 Experimental Methodology and Preliminary Validation 106\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.5.1 Experimental Methodology 106\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.5.1.1 Food Items 106\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.5.1.2 Reading Voltage and Current Values 107\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.5.2 Preliminary Validation 107\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.6 Sensitivity Parameters 108\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.6.1 Resistance-Based Sensitivity (S\u003csub\u003er\u003c\/sub\u003e) 108\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.6.2 Point Slope-Based Sensitivity (S\u003csub\u003em\u003c\/sub\u003e) 108\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.6.3 Hysteresis-Line Slope Sensitivity 109\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.7 Results and Discussion 110\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.7.1 Category I: Egg Albumin and Milk 110\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.7.2 Category II: Protein Blend 113\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.8 Conclusions and Prospects 114\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReferences 115\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Design of Low-Power DRAM Cell Using Advanced FET Architectures 119\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eA. Durgesh and Suman Lata Tripathi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 119\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.2 1T-DRAM (MOS) 120\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.3 1T-DRAM (CNT-FET) 123\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.4 1T-DRAM (FinFET) 124\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.5 1-T DRAM (TFET) 128\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.6 Conclusion 130\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReferences 131\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Application of Microwave Radiation in Determination of Quality Sensing of Agricultural Products 133\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDr. Ravika Vijay, Dr. Nidhi Bhargava and Prof. K. S. Sharma\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.1 Microwave Heating and its Applications to Agricultural Products 133\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.1.1 Principle of Microwave Heating 133\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.1.2 Moisture Sensing 135\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.1.3 Promoting Germination 136\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.1.4 Food Processing 136\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.1.5 Weeds, Insects and Pests Control 136\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.1.6 Product Conditioning 136\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.1.7 Microwave Drying 137\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.1.8 Quality Sensing in Fruits and Vegetables 137\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.2 Measurement Techniques 137\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Open-Ended Coaxial Probe – Network Analyzer Technique 138\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Network Analyzer 139\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.3 Dielectric Spectroscopy of Agricultural Products at Different Temperatures 140\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.4 Correlation of Dielectric Properties with Nutrients 148\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.5 Conclusion 151\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReferences 151\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Solar Cell 155\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDr. Arvind Dhingra\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIntroduction 155\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.1 History of Solar Cell 155\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.2 Constructional Features of Solar Cell 158\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.3 Criteria for Materials to Be Used in Manufacturing of Solar Cell 158\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.4 Types of Solar Cells 159\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.5 Process of Making Crystals for Solar Cell Manufacturing 160\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.6 Glass 161\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.7 Cell Combinations 161\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.7.1 Series Combination of Solar Cells 161\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.7.2 Parallel Combination of Solar Cells 162\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.7.3 Series-Parallel Combination of Solar Cells 163\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.8 Solar Panels 164\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.9 Working of Solar Cell 165\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.10 Solar Cell Efficiency 166\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.11 Uses\/Applications of Solar Cells 166\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConclusion 167\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReferences 167\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Fabrication of Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide (Cu(In,Ga)Se\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e) Thin Film Solar Cell 169\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJaymin Ray, Keyur Patel, Gopal Bhatt, Priya Suryavanshi and C. J. Panchal\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 169\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.2 Device Structure of CIGS Thin Film Solar Cell 170\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.3 Fabrication and Characterization of CIGS Thin Film Solar Cell 171\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Effect of Thermally Evaporated CdS Film Thickness on the Operation of CIGS Solar Cell 174\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Effect of Heat Soaks on CIGS\/CdS Hetero-Junction 175\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.3.3 Effect of Flash Evaporated CdS Film Thickness on the Performance of CIGS Solar Cell 176\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.3.4 Effect of i-ZnO Film Thickness on the Performance of CIGS Solar Cell 179\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.4 Conclusion 186\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReferences 186\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Parameter Estimation of Solar Cells: A Multi-Objective Approach 189\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSaumyadip Hazra and Souvik Ganguli\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 189\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.2 Problem Statement 191\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.2.1 SDM 192\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.2.2 DDM 194\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.3 Methodology 196\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.4 Results and Discussions 197\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.4.1 Results for the Single-Diode Model 198\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.4.2 Results for Double-Diode Model 203\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.5 Conclusions 208\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReferences 209\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 An IoT-Based Smart Monitoring Scheme for Solar PV Applications 211\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSenthil Kumar Ramu, Gerald Christopher Raj Irudayaraj and Rajarajan Elango\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 211\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.2 Solar PV Systems 213\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems 213\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.2.1.1 Stand-Alone PV Modules 214\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.2.1.2 Grid-Connected PV Systems 214\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Concentrates Solar Power (CSP) 214\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.2.3 Solar Water Heater Systems 215\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.2.4 Passive Solar Design 216\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.2.5 Solar Microgrid System 216\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.2.5.1 PV Module 217\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.2.6 Battery 217\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.2.6.1 Flooded Lead Acid Battery 218\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.2.6.2 VRLA Battery 219\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.2.6.3 Lithium-Ion Battery 219\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.2.7 MPPT 219\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.2.8 Inverters \u0026amp; Other Electronic Equipment 219\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.2.9 Charge Controller 220\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.2.10 Additional Systems Equipment 220\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.3 IoT 220\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning 221\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.3.1.1 Hardware 221\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.3.1.2 Middleware 221\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.3.1.3 Cloud 221\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Big Data and Cloud Computing 221\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.3.3 Smart Sensors 221\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.3.3.1 Temperature Sensor 221\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.3.3.2 Humidity Sensor 222\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.3.3.3 Tilt Sensor 223\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.3.3.4 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eSensor 223\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.3.3.5 Voltage and Current Sensor 223\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.3.3.6 Light Sensor 223\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.3.3.7 MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) Sensor 223\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.3.3.8 Ultrasonic Sensor 223\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.3.3.9 IR Sensor 224\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.3.3.10 Proximity Sensor 224\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.3.4 Additional Devices for Control and Communication 224\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.3.4.1 Arduino 224\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.3.4.2 Raspberry Pi 224\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.3.4.3 GSM Module 225\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.3.5 Renewable Energy and IoT in Energy Sector 225\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.3.6 Application of IoT 226\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.3.6.1 Application to Renewable Energy Systems 226\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.3.6.2 Application to Grid Management 227\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.4 Remote Monitoring Methods of Solar PV System 228\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.4.1 Wireless Monitoring 228\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.4.2 Physical\/Wired Monitoring 228\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.4.3 SCADA Monitoring 228\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.4.4 Monitoring Using Cloud Computing 228\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.4.5 Monitoring Using IOT 228\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.4.5.1 IoT-Based Remote Monitoring 229\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.5 Challenges and Issues of Implementation of IoT on Renewable Energy Resources 230\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.5.1 Challenges 230\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.5.2 Solutions 231\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.6 Conclusion 231\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReferences 231\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Design of Low-Power Energy Harvesting System for Biomedical Devices 235\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDr. R. Seyezhai and S. Maheswari\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 235\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.2 Investigation on Topologies of DC-DC Converter 236\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.2.1 Hybrid Source Architecture Based on Synchronous Boost Converter 236\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.2.2 Hybrid Source Architecture Using Single-Inductor Dual-Input Single-Output Converter 237\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.2.3 Hybrid Source Architecture Employing a Multi-Input DC Chopper 239\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.3 Hardware Results 246\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.4 Conclusion 247\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReferences 247\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Performance Analysis of Some New Hybrid Metaheuristic Algorithms for High-Dimensional Optimization Problems 251\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSouvik Ganguli, Gagandeep Kaur and Prasanta Sarkar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 251\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.2 An Overview of Proposed Hybrid Methodologies 253\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.3 Experimental Results and Discussion 256\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.4 Conclusions 282\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReferences 283\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Investigation of Structural, Optical and Wettability Properties of Cadmium Sulphide Thin Films Synthesized by Environment Friendly SILAR Technique 285\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSampat G. Deshmukh, Rohan S. Deshmukh and Vipul Kheraj\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 285\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.2 Experimental Details 286\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.3 Results and Discussion 288\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.3.1 Film Formation Mechanism 288\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.3.2 Thickness Measurement 289\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.3.3 Structural Studies 289\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.3.4 Raman Spectroscopy 292\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.3.5 Scanning Electron Microscopy 293\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.3.6 Optical Studies 294\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.3.7 Wettability Studies 295\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.4 Conclusion 296\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.5 Acknowledgement 296\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReferences 296\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart II Design, Implementation and Applications 299\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Solar Photovoltaic Cells 301\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eV. Mohanapriya and V. Manimegalai\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 301\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.2 Need for Solar Cells 302\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.3 Structure of Solar Cell 302\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.4 Solar Cell Classification 303\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.4.1 First-Generation Solar Cells 303\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.4.2 Second-Generation Solar Cells 304\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.4.3 Third-Generation Solar Cells 304\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.5 Solar PV Cells 305\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.6 Solar Cell Working 306\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.7 Mathematical Modelling of Solar Cell 306\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.8 Solar Cell Connection Methods 309\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.9 Types of Solar PV System 311\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.10 Conclusion 313\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReferences 313\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 An Intelligent Computing Technique for Parameter Extraction of Different Photovoltaic (PV) Models 315\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eShilpy Goyal, Parag Nijhawan and Souvik Ganguli\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 315\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.2 Problem Formulation 317\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.2.1 Single-Diode Model 317\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.2.2 Double-Diode Model 319\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.2.3 Three-Diode Model 320\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.3 Proposed Optimization Technique 322\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.3.1 Various Phases of Optimization of Harris Hawks 323\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.3.1.1 Exploration Phase 323\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.3.1.2 Turning from Global to Local Search 324\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.3.1.3 Exploitation Phase 324\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.4 Results and Discussions 324\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.5 Conclusions 339\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReferences 339\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Experimental Investigation on Wi-Fi Signal Loss by Scattering Property of Duranta Plant Leaves 341\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eKhalid Ali Khan, Syed Gulraze Anjum, M. Nasim Faruque and Dinkisa Dechasa Geyesa\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 341\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.1.1 Duranta Golden Plant 342\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.1.2 Foliage Loss 343\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.2 Measurement and Calculation 343\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.2.1 Scattering Feasibility 346\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.2.2 Comparison with Tree Shadowing Effect 347\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.3 Result and Discussion 347\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.4 Conclusions 348\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReferences 348\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Multi-Quantum Well-Based Solar Cell 351\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAshish Raman, Chetan Chaturvedi and Naveen Kumar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.1 Introduction 351\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.2 Theoretical Aspects of Solar Cell 353\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.3 Device Design and Simulation Setup 354\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.4 Results and Discussion 356\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.4.1 GaSb\/GaAs MQWs Solar Cell 356\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.4.2 InGaP\/GaAs MQW Solar Cell 358\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.4.3 InP\/GaAs MQW Solar Cell 360\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.4.4 AlGaAs\/GaAs MQW Solar Cell 361\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.4.5 Optimization 363\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.5 Comparative Analysis 367\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.6 Conclusion 370\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReferences 370\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Mitigation Techniques for Removal of Dust on Solar Photovoltaic System 373\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePandiyan P, Saravanan S, Chinnadurai T, Ramji Tiwari, Prabaharan N and Umashankar S\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.1 Introduction 373\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.2 Influencing Factors for Deposition of Dust 375\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.2.1 Ecological Factors 375\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.2.1.1 Direction of Wind and its Velocity 375\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.2.1.2 Temperature and Moisture 376\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.2.1.3 Humidity 377\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.2.1.4 Rainfall 377\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.2.1.5 Dust Properties 377\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.2.1.6 Bird Droppings 378\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.2.2 Factors Influencing Installation 378\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.2.2.1 Orientation and Tilt Angle 378\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.2.2.2 Height 378\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.2.2.3 Top Surface of the Solar Panels 378\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.2.3 Installed Location and Exposure Time 379\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.3 Effects of Deposition of Dust on the Solar Panels 379\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.3.1 Influence of Electrical Characteristics 379\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.3.2 Influence of the Optical Characteristics 380\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.3.3 Influence of the Thermal Characteristic 381\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.4 Methods of Cleaning System 381\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.4.1 Natural Cleaning Method 384\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.4.2 Manual Cleaning Method 384\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.4.3 Self-Cleaning Method 385\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.4.3.1 Active Cleaning 385\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.4.3.2 Passive Cleaning 388\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.5 Conclusion 389\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReferences 389\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 Solid-State Air-Conditioning System Using Photovoltaic Module 393\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDr. Y. Thiagarajan, S. Karthikeyan, K. Santhosh, M. Keerthana and Gabriel Gomes de Oliveira\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.1 Introduction 393\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.1.1 Thermoelectric Cooler (TEC) 394\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.2 Fabrication of the Solid State Air-Conditioning System 395\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.2.1 Description of the Proposed Model 395\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.2.2 Peltier Effect 395\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.2.3 Comparison Between the Existing Framework and Proposed System 396\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.3 Hardware Implementation 396\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.3.1 8051 Architecture 396\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.3.2 Microcontroller PCB 397\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.3.3 Photovoltaic Module 397\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.3.4 Solar Radiation 397\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.3.5 Battery 398\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.3.6 Relay 399\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.3.7 5×1 Keypad 400\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.3.8 Peltier Sensor 400\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.3.9 Solenoid Valve 400\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.4 Software Analysis 400\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.4.1 KEIL Compiler 401\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.4.2 Gathering with Cx51 401\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.4.3 Running Cx51 from the Command Prompt 401\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.4.4 Program for AT89S52 402\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.4.4.1 Solar Coding 402\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.4.4.2 Peltier Coding 406\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.5 Conclusion 409\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReferences 409\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22 Cu\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003eZnSnS\u003csub\u003e4\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eThin Film Solar Cell: Fabrication and Characterization 411\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eKinjal Patel, Neelkanth G. Dhere, Vipul Kheraj and Dimple Shah\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.1 Introduction 411\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.1.1 Solar Photovoltaics: A Key to Energy Elucidation 412\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.1.2 Thin Film Solar Cells 413\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.1.3 CZTS Solar Cells 414\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.2 Fabrication of Cu\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003eZnSnS\u003csub\u003e4\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/sub\u003eThin Film Solar Cell 415\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.2.1 Glass Cleaning 416\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.2.2 Molybdenum Deposition 417\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.2.3 CZTS Thin Film Coating 417\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.2.4 CdS Deposition 417\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.2.5 ZnO and Al-ZnO Coating 418\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.2.6 Chromium\/Silver Front Contact Grid 418\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.2.7 CZTS Solar Cell Device 419\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.3 Characterization of Cu\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003eZnSnS\u003csub\u003e4\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eThin Film Solar Cell 420\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.3.1 Typical Solar Cell Characterizations 420\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.3.2 Current-Voltage (I-V) Measurement 421\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.3.3 Quantum Efficiency (QE) 423\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.4 Conclusion 424\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement 425\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReferences 425\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23 Parameter Estimation of Solar Cell Using Gravitational Search Algorithm 427\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eKaustuv Das, Raju Basak, Souvik Ganguli and Asoke Kumar Paul\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.1 Introduction 427\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.2 Modelling of Photovoltaic Unit 429\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.2.1 Two-Diode Structure 430\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.3 Formation of Function 431\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.4 Gravitational Search Algorithm 433\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.4.1 The Gravitational Search Algorithm is Shown in Steps as Follows 435\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.5 Review of GSA 436\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.6 Application of GSA 436\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.7 Summary and Future Scope of Work 436\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.8 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) 437\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.8.1 Steps Involved for Particle Swarm Optimization 439\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.9 Results and Discussion 439\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.10 Conclusion 443\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReferences 443\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24 Study of the Most Commonly Utilized Maximum Power Point (MPP) Tracking (MPPT) Schemes for SPV Systems 447\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePawan Kumar Pathak, Anil Kumar Yadav and P. A. Alvi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.1 Introduction 447\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.2 Problem Overview in SPV Power Extraction 448\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.3 Modeling of SPV System 449\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.4 MPPT Schemes 451\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.4.1 Perturb and Observe (P\u0026amp;O) 451\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.4.2 Incremental Conductance 455\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.4.3 Fuzzy Logic (FL) Based 459\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.4.4 Hybrid 466\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.5 Conclusion 470\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReferences 470\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25 An Investigation and Design of Symmetric and Asymmetric Inverter for Various Applications 473\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eL. Vijayaraja, S. Ganesh Kumar and M. Rivera\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.1 Introduction 473\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.2 Evaluation of Multilevel Inverters and Its Application in Recent Times 474\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.3 Design of 15-Level Inverter With Symmetric Voltage Source 476\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.4 Experimentation of 27-Level Symmetric Inverter 477\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.5 Design of 31-Level Inverter Using Asymmetric Voltage Sources 482\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.5.1 Mathematical Model of 31-Level Inverter 483\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.6 Development of 53-Level Inverter Using Packed Structures 487\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.7 Summary 491\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReferences 491\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e26 A Demand Side Management Controller Configuration for Interleaved DC-DC Converters Applicable for Renewable Energy Sources 493\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDavood Ghaderi, Gökay Bayrak and Umashankar Subramaniam\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.1 Introduction 493\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.2 Control Method and Proposed Controller Investigation 496\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.2.1 Power Sharing and Demand Side Management 501\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.3 Simulation Results 504\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.4 Experimental Results 508\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.5 Conclusion 512\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReferences 514\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e27 Applications of Hybrid Wind Solar Battery Based Microgrid for Small-Scale Stand-Alone Systems and Grid Integration for Multi-Feeder Systems 517\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eP. Satish Kumar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27.1 Introduction 517\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27.2 Stand-Alone HRES System 518\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27.2.1 System Description 518\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27.2.2 Results and Discussion 520\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27.2.2.1 Performance of HRES During Source Variations Only 520\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27.2.2.2 Performance of HRES During Load Variations Only 523\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27.2.3 Conclusion 523\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27.3 Grid-Connected HRES System 525\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27.3.1 System Description 525\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27.3.2 Results and Discussion 525\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27.3.2.1 HRES Output 526\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27.3.2.2 Performance of Grid-Connected HRES for Nonlinear Loads 528\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27.3.2.3 Performance of Grid-Connected HRES for Source Voltage Imperfections 529\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27.3.3 Conclusion 530\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 531\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReferences 533\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e28 Challenging Issues and Solutions on Battery Thermal Management for Electric Vehicles 535\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eA. Gayathri, V. Manimegalai and P. Krishnakumar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.1 Introduction 535\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.2 Principle and Working of Battery 536\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.3 Types of Batteries 536\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.3.1 Primary or Non-Rechargeable Batteries 537\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.3.2 Secondary or Rechargeable Batteries 537\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.3.2.1 Lead-Acid Batteries 538\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.3.2.2 Nickel Cadmium (Ni-Cd) 538\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.3.2.3 Nickel-Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) 538\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.3.2.4 Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) 539\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.3.3 Selection of Batteries 539\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.3.3.1 Why Lithium-Ion Battery? 540\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.4 Thermal Behavior of Batteries 542\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.5 Battery Thermal Management Systems 543\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.6 Methods of Battery Thermal Management Systems 544\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.6.1 Air Cooling BTMS 544\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.6.2 Liquid Cooling BTMS 546\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.6.3 Refrigerant Direct Cooling System BTMS 547\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.6.4 Phase Change Material-Based BTMS 548\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.6.5 Heat Pipe-Based BTMS 549\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.6.6 Thermoelectric Cooling 550\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.7 Conclusion 551\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReferences 551\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndex 555\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bookDetailsBox\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bookProperty property_categories\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cb\u003eBOOKREAD™ 5-STEP SATISFACTION GUARANTEE\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. No Risk, 30-Day Money-Back Guarantee. \u003cbr\u003e2. instant download. 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